Passage 2
Automobiles v.s. Public Transport　　Public transport plays a central role in any efficient urban transport system. In developing countries, where at least 16 cities are expected to have more than 12 million people each by the end of this decade, failing to give priority to public transport would be disastrous.
　　The term “public transport” covers many different types of vehicles, but most commonly refers to buses and trains. Rail services fall into four major categories: rapid rail (also called the underground, tube, metro, or subway), which operates on exclusive rights of way in tunnels or on elevated tracks; trams, which move with other traffic on regular streets; light rail, which is a quieter, more modern version of trams that can run either on exclusive rights of way or with other traffic; and suburban or regional trains, which connect a city with surrounding areas.
　　The recent trend in many cities is toward light rail over “heavy” rapid rail systems. Whereas metros require exclusive rights of way, which often means building costly elevated or underground lines and stations, light rail can be built on regular city streets, which means no extra expenses.
　　The concept of public transport also includes organized car pools, in which several people share the cost of tiding together in the same private automobile. For U.S. commuters in areas with inadequate bus and train services, this is the only “public” transport option. But even where other systems are comprehensive, there is vast potential for car pooling; recent research shows that in cities the world over, private cars during commuting hours on average carry just 1.2-1.3 persons per vehicle.
　　Public transport modes vary in fuel use and emissions and in the space they require, but if carrying reasonable numbers of passengers, they all perform better than single occupant private cars on each of these counts.
　　Although energy requirements vary according to the size and design of the vehicle and how many people are on board, buses and trains require far less fuel per passenger for each kilometre of travel. In the United States, for example, a light rail vehicle needs an estimated 640BTUs of energy per passenger per kilometre; a city bus would use some 690BTUs per passenger per kilometre; and a car pool with four occupants 1,140BTUs. A single occupant automobile, by contrast, bums nearly 4, 580BTUs per passenger per kilometre.
　　The pollution savings from public transport are even more dramatic. Since both rapid and light rail have electric engines, pollution is measured not from the motor exhaust, but from the power plant generating electricity, which is usually located outside the city, where air quality problems are less serious. For typical U.S. commuter routes, rapid rail emits 30 grams of nitrogen oxides for every 100 kilometres each rail passenger travels, compared with 43 grams for light rail, 95 grams for transit buses, and 128 grams for single occupant automobiles. Public transport’s potential for reducing hydrocarbon and carbon monoxide emissions is even greater.
　　Although diesel buses especially in developing countries can be heavy polluters, existing technologies, such as filters, can control their exhaust. Buses can also run on less polluting fuels such as propane (used in parts of Europe) and natural gas (used in Brazil and China). Test buses in the Netherlands that run on natural gas are estimated to emit 90 percent less nitrogen oxide and 25 percent less carbon monoxide than diesel engines do.
　　In addition to reducing fuel consumption and pollution, public transport saves valuable city space. Buses and trains carry more people in each vehicle and, if they operate on their own rights of way, can safely run at much higher speeds. In other words, they not only take up less space but also occupy it for a shorter time. Thus, comparing ideal conditions for each mode in one lane of traffic, an underground metro can carry 70, 000 passengers past a certain point in one hour, light rail can carry up to 35, 000 people, and a bus, just over 30, 000. By contrast, a lane of private cars with four occupants each can move only about 8, 000 people an hour, and without such carpooling the figure is, of course, far lower.
　　The availability and use of public transport vary widely in cities around the globe. Since variations in distances and city densities affect the total kilometres of travel, the annual number of trips each person takes by public transport provides a better standard for comparing its importance in various cities. The range of frequency of public transport use is shown in Table (see page 73).
　　Urban public transport has long been a government priority in Western Europe. All major cities there have high car ownership, but well-developed bus and rail systems are available, and overall public transport typically accounts for between 20 and 30 percent of passenger kilometres. In recent years, several large cities have stepped up their commitment to public transportation, combining further investments with complementary policies to restrict auto use.
　　Public transport also plays an important role in urban areas of developing countries. In many cities in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, buses make 50-80 percent of all motorized trips. Buses are sometimes hopelessly overcrowded; it is not uncommon to see several riders clinging to the outside. Yet most cities in developing countries have lower public transport use per person than those in Western Europe, reflecting the inability of small bus fleets to keep up with population growth.
　　Among the world’s major cities, those in Australia and the United States make the least use of alternatives to the private car. Indeed, less than 5 percent of U.S. trips are by public transport, but in some cities such as New York City and Chicago, where service is provided extensively, it is used heavily. Indeed, nearly one quarter of the entire country’s public transport trips are in New York City.
　　* BTUs: British Thermal Units (a measure of energy consumed)
Dependence on public transport in selected cities, 1989
　　*trips per person per year
　　Answer the questions below.
　　Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer.
　　Write your answers in boxes 16-20 on your answer sheet.
　　1. What is a factor that makes light rail preferable to rapid rail?
　　2. What is the average number of people in automobiles during commuting hours?
　　3. Where is the pollution measured from?
　　4. In which aspect does rapid rail outperform light rail?
　　5. What proportion of passenger kilometres is undertaken by private automobile in Western Europe?

发布日期：2022-07-05

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