cultural transmission (as a design feature of human language)
Human beings in all times and places think about their world and wonder at their place in it. Humans are thoughtful and creative, possessed of insatiable curiosity.1) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.Therefore, it is important to study humans in all their richness and diversity in a calm and systematic manner, with the hope that the knowledge resulting from such studies can lead humans to a more harmonious way of living with themselves and with all other life forms on this planet Earth.
“Anthropology” derives from the Greek words anthropos “human” and logos “the study of.” By its very name, anthropology encompasses the study of all humankind.
Anthropology is one of the social sciences.2) Social science is that branch of intellectual enquiry which seeks to study humans and their endeavors in the same reasoned, orderly, systematic, and dispassioned manner that natural scientists use for the study of natural phenomena.
Social science disciplines include geography, economics, political science, psychology, and sociology. Each of these social sciences has a subfield or specialization which lies particularly close to anthropology.
All the social sciences focus upon the study of humanity. Anthropology is a field-study oriented discipline which makes extensive use of the comparative method in analysis.3)The emphasis on data gathered first-hand, combined with a cross-cultural perspective brought to the analysis of cultures past and present, makes this study a unique and distinctly important social science.
Anthropological analyses rest heavily upon the concept of culture. Sir Edward Tylor’s formulation of the concept of culture was one of the great intellectual achievements of 19th century science. 4) Tylor defined culture as “… that complex whole which includes belief, art, morals, law, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society.”This insight, so profound in its simplicity, opened up an entirely new way of perceiving and understanding human life. Implicit within Tylor’s definition is the concept that culture is learned, shared, and patterned behavior.
5) Thus, the anthropological concept of “culture,” like the concept of “set” in mathematics, is an abstract concept which makes possible immense amounts of concrete research and understanding.
Human ingenuity was initially demonstrated in ______.
人居环境(human settlement)
When a human infant is born into any community in any part of
the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided 1.______
neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or 2.______
during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children are
completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to 3.______
their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born
child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some
other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human
group, a child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human
infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new
born animals to get on their feet within minutes of birth and run 4.______
with the herd within a few hours.
Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for 5.______
weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human infant
they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. 6.______
It is during this very long period in which the human infant is
totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature 7.______
which it shares with all other undamaged human infants,
a capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest that
language be ‘species specific’ to the human race, that is to say, they 8.______
consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in 9.______
such a way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies that 10.______
just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in color, and just
as they are designed to stand upright rather than to
move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as
part of their normal development as.
Why does the woman compare human memory to a hard disc drive?
Write a memo in about 50 words. You are Human Resources Manager. Your company is going to provide the staff with training in E-Commerce. There will be two course levels: intermediate level and advanced level. The training course will be given on Saturdays for five weeks. Write a memo to department managers: ·Informing them of the coming training course; ·Asking them to encourage the staff to participate; ·Asking them to help obtain the names of the interested staff.
The author of Passage 1 states that the human body "is more like a garbage dump" than a watch (lines 8-9) to emphasize that ______.
Knowledge()human beings into civilization.
When a human infant is born into any community in any part of
the world it has two things in common with any infant, provided 1.______
neither of them have been damaged in any way either before or 2.______
during birth. Firstly, and most obviously, new born children are
completely helpless. Apart from a powerful capacity to pay attention to 3.______
their helplessness by using sound, there is nothing the new born
child can do to ensure his own survival. Without care from some
other human being or beings, be it mother, grandmother, or human
group, a child is very unlikely to survive. This helplessness of human
infants is in marked contrast with the capacity of many new
born animals to get on their feet within minutes of birth and run 4.______
with the herd within a few hours.
Although young animals are certainly in risk, sometimes for 5.______
weeks or even months after birth, compared with the human infant
they very quickly develop the capacity to fend for them. 6.______
It is during this very long period in which the human infant is
totally dependent on the others that it reveals the second feature 7.______
which it shares with all other undamaged human infants,
a capacity to learn language. For this reason, biologists now suggest that
language be ‘species specific’ to the human race, that is to say, they 8.______
consider the human infant to be genetic programmed in 9.______
such a way that it can acquire language. This suggestion implies that 10.______
just as human beings are designed to see three-dimensionally and in color, and just
as they are designed to stand upright rather than to
move on all fours, so they are designed to learn and use language as
part of their normal development as.