1.academic conference 讲座的主题:是什么促使人们在其领域内成为专家?(whatmakes someone an expert in his/her field?)。在讲座中演讲者提到,他是在一次受邀参加人类学的学术会议演讲时才开始思考“是什么促使人们在其领域内成为专家?”这个问题。结合题干,可知答案为academic conference。讲座常在开篇介绍讲座的主题和演讲者对主题的看法,是常考点。2.characteristics/features 此题开始涉及作为特定领域中真正的专家的五个特征。结合题目,可知答案为characteristics或其近义词features。录音中let’s start with后的内容为常考点,应做好笔记。
3.memorized information 此题考查五个特征中的第一个特征,即丰富的专业领域知识。由录音可知,专业知识包括已习得的知识和掌握获得知识的途径。对应题干,可知答案为memorized information。
4.no pre-existing/no ready-made 此题涉及第二个特征:运用该知识的重要经验。录音中提到,他/她应当能够以创造性的方式对专业知识加以运用,应当能够在无任何可参照的预先解决方案的情况下解决问题。对照题目,可知答案为no pre-existing或同义项no ready-made。
5.Communication ability/Ability to communicate 此题考查五个特征中的第三个特征。由录音可知,演讲者在讲座开始时列举了五个特征,分别为知识、经验、沟通能力、关联能力和好奇心,另外录音中还提到,如果没有沟通能力,拥有专业知识也毫无意义。由此可知答案应为Communication ability或Ability to communicate。
6.Connectedness/Being socialized 此题考查第四个特征。讲座中演讲者列举五个特征:知识、经验、沟通能力、关联能力和好奇心,因此空格处可填Connectedness。另外,演讲者还提到,专业知识基本上也是社会的,因此也可填入Beingsocialize。故答案为Connectedness或Beingsocialize。讲座分论点或分标题是常考点,记笔记时应注意。
7.self-education/on-the-job training 此题涉及讲座中的另个话题,即如何成为专家。录音中关于此话题,演讲者谈到了通过学校教育、自学、在职训练或其他渠道汲取专业知识。题目中出现etc.,因此只需填入其中一项即可。故知答案为self-education或on-the-job training。列举之处是常考点,记笔记时应多注意。
8.limitation/lack/shortage 此题考查长期学习(perpetuallearning)的内容。录音中提到,作为一名专家意味着必须知晓你目前知识水平所存在的局限,而有时这种意识会是痛苦的。故答案为limitation或其同义词lack, shortage。
9.reflecting/showing/presenting 此题考查练习的内容。录音中演讲者谈到,你每天的练习必须反映出自身的专业技能,否则人们会认为你不是专家。结合题干,对应录音内容,可知答案为reflecting或showing或presenting。
10.sharing your knowledge 讲座在最后部分提到,广泛分享你的专业知识,让人们明白为何需要专家。研读题干,该部分的并列项均为名词形式,可知此空也应填入名词形式。故,答案为sharing your knowledge。讲座分论点或分标题之处是常考点,笔记时需注意。
【听力原文】
How to be an Expert
Hi, everyone. I’ve beenthinking lately, what makes someone an “expert” in his or her field, which isalso the topic of today’s lecture. As far as I know, Lorelle has been thinkingthe same thing, because she recently wrote a post called What Gives You the Right to Tell Me? at the Blog Herald thatexplores the issue of expertise in some depth.
For me, thisquestion started to occur to me when I was invited to speak at an academicconference on anthropology recently. Apparently, I have become an expert on thetopic, someone people look to when they want more information.
How did thathappen? This is not a topic I studied at school or the subject of mydissertation; in fact, it wasn’t even really a topic at all until the US Armyreleased their new counterinsurgency field manual last year and started foroperations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Thinking about how I came to be a “go-to”person on this topic has gotten me thinking about how anyone becomes the personto call when you need help, about how people become experts in their field. Infact, anyone who thinks they have learned everything there is to know about atopic probably isn’t an expert—I’d call them something closer to “rank amateur”.
Let’s startwith this question: What’s an expert? While knowledge is obviously an importantquality of expertise, it’s only one of several factors that make someone anexpert in their field. I’ve come up with five characteristics of real experts:/knowledge, experience, communication ability, connectedness and curiosity. Nowlet’s come to them respectively in detail.
Clearlybeing an expert requires an immense working knowledge of your subject. Part ofthis is memorized information, and part of it is knowing where to findinformation you haven’t memorized.
In additionto knowledge, an expert needs to have significant experience working with thatknowledge. He or she needs to be able to apply it in creative ways, to be ableto solve problems that have no pre-existing solutions they can look up—and toidentify problems that nobody else has noticed yet.
Expertisewithout the ability to communicate it is practically pointless. Being the onlyperson in the world who can solve a problem, time after time after time,doesn’t make you an expert, it makes you a slave to the problem. It might makeyou a living, but it’s not going to give you much time to develop yourexpertise— meaning sooner or later, someone with knowledge and communicationability is going to figure out your secret, teach it to the world, and leaveyou to the dustbin of history.
Expertiseis, ultimately’ social. Experts are embedded in a web of other experts whoexchange new ideas and approaches to problems, and they are embedded in a widersocial web that connects them to people who need their expertise.
Experts arecurious about their field and recognize the limitations of their ownunderstanding of it. They are constantly seeking new answers, new approaches,and new ways of extending their field.
Then, let’smove on to this topic: How to become an expert? Sometimes becoming an expertjust kind of happens, which is how I became an expert in anthropology andcounterinsurgency without really trying. But most of the time, we carefullypursue expertise, whether through schooling, self-education, on-the-jobtraining or some other avenue. There’s no “quick and easy” path to expertise.That said, people do become experts every day, in all sorts of fields. Youbecome an expert by focusing on these things:
Firstly,that is perpetual learning. Being an expert means being aware, sometimespainfully aware, of the limitations of your current level of knowledge. Theresimply is no point as which you’re “done” learning your field. Invest yourselfin a lifelong learning process. Constantly be on the lookout for ideas andviews both within and from outside your own field that can extend your ownunderstanding.
Then, buildstrong connections with other people in your field. Seek out mentors—and makeyourself available to the less experienced. Also, learn to promote yourself tothe people who need your skills—the only way you’ll gain experience is bygetting out and doing, which is what’s we called networking.
Furthermore,not just in the “gain experience” sense but in you’re the “practice what youpreach” sense. You wouldn’t trust a personal organizer who always forgot yourappointments, or a search engine optimization expert whose site was listed onthe 438th results page in Google, right? Your daily practice needs to reflectyour expertise, or people will not trust you as an expert. So, practice isnecessary.
The fourththing is presentation skills: Learn to use whatever technologies you need topresent your expertise in the best possible way. And by “technologies” I don’tjust mean web design and PowerPoint, I mean writing, drawing, public speaking—even the way you dress will determine whether you’re taken for an expert or aknow-it-all schmuck.
Lastly,remember to share: 10 years ago, nobody knew they needed expert bloggers ontheir staff to promote themselves. 5 years ago, nobody knew they needed SEO expertsto get attention for their websites. A handful of early experts—experts that,in some cases, didn’t even know what they were experts in—shared enough of whatthey knew to make people understand why they needed experts. Share yourknowledge widely, so that people understand why they need an expert, and youdon’t become a one-trick pony who is the only person who can fix a particularproblem.
To sum up briefly, we’ve discussed what all expert is and how tobecome one. Hope all of you have enjoyed this lecture. Thank you.